Vietnamese Culture: A Comprehensive Guide to Traditions, Beliefs, and Customs

Vietnamese culture is a vibrant mosaic, shaped by centuries of history, unique traditions, and a deep connection to the land. From the elegant Ao Dai to the practical Conical Hat, the culture of Vietnam is expressed through its art, customs, and daily life.

This Southeast Asian nation boasts a rich heritage, encompassing intricate ancestor worship practices, a strong emphasis on family values, and a diverse culinary scene that tantalizes the taste buds. Whether you’re fascinated by the colorful festivals, the harmonious blend of religions in Tam Giao, or the graceful movements of traditional dance, exploring Vietnam’s culture offers an unforgettable journey.

This article will delve into the heart of Vietnamese culture, providing insights into the beliefs, customs, and artistic expressions that make this nation so unique.

Social Beliefs & Customs in Vietnam

Vietnamese society places immense value on family, considering it the bedrock of the nation’s social fabric. Traditionally, a typical Vietnamese family consisted of three to four generations living together under one roof, a testament to the strong emphasis on familial bonds. This multi-generational living arrangement stemmed partly from the belief that a large family, with many children and grandchildren, equated to greater prosperity and security, especially in an agrarian society where more hands meant more labor and, consequently, more wealth.

The Importance of Family Over Individualism

The Vietnamese prioritize the collective good of the family and clan above individual desires, a core value deeply ingrained in their culture. This emphasis on family unity often means that major decisions are made with the family’s best interests in mind, sometimes superseding personal aspirations.

Confucianism’s Influence on Gender Roles

Confucianism, a philosophical and ethical system that originated in China, has significantly influenced Vietnamese social structures, particularly regarding gender roles. Historically, Confucian principles and feudal views on male preference placed men in a position of authority within the family. Men traditionally held the final say in important matters, reflecting a patriarchal societal structure.

The “Three Obediences and Four Virtues”

Feudal ethics further shaped the expectations of women through the concept of “three obediences and four virtues.” The three obediences dictated that women should obey their fathers in childhood, their husbands in marriage, and their sons in widowhood. The four virtues, encompassing công, dung, ngôn, hạnh (in Vietnamese), can be broadly understood as proficiency in housework (công), maintaining a graceful appearance (dung), using appropriate and respectful speech (ngôn), and upholding virtuous conduct (hạnh). These principles reinforced the traditional roles of women as homemakers and caregivers, subordinate to male authority.

Evolving Family Dynamics and Gender Equality

Since the country’s reunification, the Vietnamese government has actively promoted gender equality and challenged traditional patriarchal norms. Several legal documents have been adopted to ensure more equitable family relations, aiming to dismantle outdated attitudes and protect women’s legitimate rights. These include promoting education, advocating for women’s participation in the workforce, and improving the legal frameworks around marriage and family.

Modern Vietnamese Family Structure

As a result of these efforts, as well as broader societal changes, the typical Vietnamese family structure is evolving. While multi-generational households still exist, the average family size has decreased to two to three generations, and the majority of couples now choose to have two children. The once-dominant narrative of male superiority is gradually fading, although it can still be observed in some contexts.

Respect for Elders and Love for Children

Despite these shifts, certain core values remain steadfast. The time-honored tradition of “respect for the elderly” (kính lão đắc thọ) and “love for the children” (trẻ cậy cha, già cậy con – children rely on their father, old people rely on their children) continues to be actively promoted in every Vietnamese family, emphasizing the importance of intergenerational care and support.

The social beliefs and customs surrounding family in Vietnam reflect a complex interplay of traditional values, historical influences, and modern reforms. While Confucian principles and feudal views once dictated rigid gender roles and hierarchical family structures, contemporary Vietnam is witnessing a gradual shift towards greater gender equality and a more balanced approach to family life. Nevertheless, the enduring emphasis on family unity, respect for elders, and love for children remains a defining characteristic of Vietnamese culture, shaping the social fabric of this dynamic Southeast Asian nation.

Ancestor Worship: Honoring the Spirits of the Departed

Ancestor worship is a cornerstone of Vietnamese spiritual life, deeply rooted in the belief that the spirits of deceased family members continue to exist in another realm and maintain a connection with the living. It is believed that the living have a sacred duty to care for the spiritual needs of their ancestors, ensuring their well-being in the afterlife. In return, ancestors are believed to offer guidance, protection, and blessings to their descendants, influencing their fortune and prosperity.

A tangible manifestation of this belief is the presence of a family altar, a revered space found in nearly every Vietnamese home, regardless of religious affiliation. This altar serves as a focal point for communication and communion with departed loved ones. It is typically adorned with photographs of the deceased, along with offerings of fresh fruit, flowers, and symbolic items like wine or tea. Votive paper, representing material goods like money or clothing, is also commonly offered, with the belief that these items will be received by the ancestors in the spiritual realm. The altar is further sanctified by the flickering light of candles and the fragrant smoke of incense, creating an atmosphere of reverence and connection.

During important occasions such as the anniversary of a loved one’s death, Tet (Vietnamese New Year), or other significant family events, more elaborate rituals may be performed. These can include preparing special meals as offerings, burning incense, and offering prayers for the ancestors’ well-being and blessings upon the family. The practice of ancestor worship is not merely a ritualistic act but a profound expression of filial piety, gratitude, and the enduring bond between the living and the departed, a testament to the enduring strength of family ties in Vietnamese culture. It’s important to note that while ancestor worship is deeply ingrained in Vietnamese tradition, it often coexists harmoniously with other religious beliefs, such as Buddhism or Catholicism, demonstrating the syncretic nature of Vietnamese spirituality.

Ancestor Worship and the Burning of Votive Papers

A common question among visitors to Vietnam is the practice of burning votive papers. This tradition, deeply rooted in ancestor worship, is a symbolic way of providing for the needs of deceased relatives in the afterlife. Votive papers, often representing money, clothing, or even modern conveniences like cars and houses, are believed to transform into usable items for ancestors in the spirit world.

Once burned, a small amount of rice wine is traditionally sprinkled over the ashes. This is thought to help the spirits ascend to a higher realm, carrying the offerings with them. These rituals are typically performed on significant occasions such as the anniversary of a loved one’s death, during major festivals like Tet (Vietnamese New Year), and on the 1st and 15th days of each lunar month, which correspond to the new and full moons.

However, in recent years, particularly in urban areas, there has been a growing movement to reduce the burning of votive papers. This shift is driven by environmental concerns, as well as a desire to simplify rituals in modern life. Many families now choose to offer real money or make donations to charities in their ancestors’ names, demonstrating that the core value of remembrance and respect remains, even as practices evolve. The act of burning votive paper is becoming less popular. For example, in 2020, Ho Chi Minh City’s Buddhist Sangha urged followers to stop burning votive paper at all Buddhist sites in the city.

Animist Beliefs: A Spiritual Connection to Nature

Animism, the belief that spirits inhabit both living and non-living entities, holds a significant place in the spiritual landscape of Vietnam. While major religions like Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and Christianity have gained prominence, animistic beliefs have persisted and, in many cases, blended with these organized faiths.

Animists believe that a vast network of spirits governs the natural world and influences human destiny. These spirits are thought to reside in mountains, rivers, trees, and even inanimate objects. From ancient times, the Vietnamese have worshipped deities associated with natural elements such as the sun, moon, earth, mountains, rivers, and forests. This practice stems from the agrarian roots of Vietnamese society, where a harmonious relationship with nature was essential for survival.

The appeasement of these spirits is believed to ensure protection and good fortune, while neglecting them is thought to invite misfortune. Consequently, various rituals and ceremonies are performed to honor these spirits and seek their blessings. For example, in many rural communities, annual or monthly rituals are conducted to pray for bountiful harvests and the well-being of the village.

Animistic practices are particularly prevalent among the ethnic minority groups residing in Vietnam’s highlands. For instance, the Co Tu people, an ethnic group in central Vietnam, hold a ceremony before each new agricultural season to express gratitude to the “forest spirit” for providing sustenance. Offerings typically include wine, chicken, fish, steamed sticky rice, and fruits.

The Worship of the God of Wealth in Business

The God of Wealth (Than Tai) is a revered figure in Vietnamese culture, particularly within the business community. He is considered a benevolent deity who bestows prosperity and good fortune upon those who honor him. Altars dedicated to Than Tai are commonly found in homes, shops, restaurants, hotels, and businesses throughout Vietnam.

These altars are typically placed in a well-ventilated area, often near the entrance or in a corner of the main room. They are usually adorned with a statue or image of Than Tai, along with offerings such as incense, fresh flowers, fruit, and sometimes small cups of rice wine or tea. Business owners often make daily offerings and prayers to Than Tai, seeking his blessings for success and financial prosperity. It is believed that between 2003 and 2004, up to 80% of Hanoian families started worshipping the Kitchen Gods and the God of Wealth.

Etiquette: Navigating Social Interactions in Vietnam

Vietnamese society places a high value on politeness, respect, and harmonious social interactions. Respect for elders is a cornerstone of Vietnamese etiquette. Younger individuals are expected to show deference to their seniors through both verbal and non-verbal cues.

When addressing elders, it is customary to use honorific titles and a formal tone of voice. The common greeting, “Chao,” followed by the appropriate honorific title (e.g., “Chao ong” for an older man, “Chao ba” for an older woman), is a fundamental way to demonstrate respect. While pre-revolutionary customs included bowing or kowtowing to seniors, these practices have largely been replaced by a simple nod of the head or a slight bow.

Physical contact is generally reserved for close friends and family members of the same gender. While handshakes are becoming more common in urban areas, especially in business settings, public displays of affection between individuals of different genders are still considered inappropriate in many parts of Vietnam, especially more rural areas.

Modesty is also highly valued, particularly for women. This is reflected in conservative dress, a soft-spoken demeanor, and avoidance of behaviors considered immodest, such as smoking in public (though this is changing among younger generations).

However, it’s important to note that social norms are evolving, especially in larger cities. While traditional etiquette remains important, younger generations are often more relaxed about certain customs. Nevertheless, understanding and adhering to these basic principles of etiquette will be greatly appreciated by Vietnamese people and will contribute to positive interactions.

Some common issues causing controversy in modern Vietnamese society include not queuing properly, jostling in crowded places, and a perceived decline in politeness among some younger people. These issues are often discussed in the context of rapid urbanization and social change.

Customs and Etiquette in Vietnam: Navigating Social Interactions

Vietnamese society places a high value on respecting elders, a principle deeply rooted in Vietnamese family values influenced by Confucianism. This respect permeates daily interactions and social customs. For instance, when addressing a group, it is customary to acknowledge and greet the eldest members first. This demonstrates deference to their age and experience. Furthermore, sharing good fortune with others is a cherished aspect of Vietnamese traditions, reflecting a collectivist spirit.

Foreign visitors, particularly in rural areas, will often find Vietnamese people to be exceptionally polite and welcoming. Don’t be surprised if children excitedly shout “Ong Tay” (Mr. Westerner) or “Ba Tay” (Mrs. Westerner) – this is a common and generally friendly way of acknowledging foreigners. Children may also be curious and want to touch your arms or legs; this is considered normal and a sign of their hospitality. It’s important to note that regional differences exist. Northern Vietnamese are often perceived as more reserved and formal in their interactions, while Southern Vietnamese tend to be more direct and outgoing, which can sometimes be misinterpreted as rudeness by those unfamiliar with the nuances of Vietnamese etiquette.

Greetings: Understanding the Nuances

Greetings in Vietnam are a delicate dance of respect and formality. Traditionally, Vietnamese people greet one another by clasping their hands together in front of their chest and bowing slightly. However, in larger cities like Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, handshakes have become more common, particularly among men. Hugging is typically reserved for close relatives.

When interacting with senior citizens or individuals of higher social standing, it is considered respectful to avoid shaking hands and instead opt for a bow. Men will typically shake hands with each other, accompanied by a slight bow. When greeting women, men usually offer a gentle bow and a nod. In more rural areas, some people may bow by raising their clasped hands above the waist.

Modernized young men and women in urban areas often shake hands. When departing, Vietnamese people will often bow or shake hands as a farewell gesture. When greeting someone in a position of authority, clasp your hands together. It’s also customary to introduce yourself to an older person before engaging in further conversation.

When introducing people, a brief explanation of their relationship within the family context is often provided. For formal addresses, use the person’s title followed by their first name. For example, “Ông Nam” (Mr. Nam) or “Bà Hoa” (Mrs. Hoa).

Vietnamese language utilizes a complex system of honorifics to address individuals based on their age, social status, and relationship to the speaker. While these honorifics are not directly translatable to English, the word “Thưa” (meaning “please” or “respectfully”) is often added before an honorific name to further express deference to elders. For example, instead of just saying “Chào Cô” (Hello, Aunt), you might say “Thưa Cô, Chào Cô” to show extra respect. Traditional Vietnamese individuals will bow their heads when addressing elders or superiors as a sign of respect.

Public Customs: Navigating Social Spaces

Public displays of affection are generally frowned upon in Vietnam. While a hug or a quick kiss between partners might be acceptable in major cities like Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, it is considered taboo in more conservative areas. A handshake can sometimes be acceptable when meeting a Vietnamese person of the opposite gender, but it’s generally safer to err on the side of caution and opt for a bow or a nod. Avoid touching someone on the face, especially kissing them on the cheek. Physical contact between members of the opposite sex who are not close friends or family is best avoided.

Close friends of the same gender, however, may hold hands or link arms while walking – this is a common sight and carries no romantic or sexual connotation. You’ll often see young women walking down the street holding hands or with their arms linked, which is simply a sign of friendship.

Other Considerations:

Using a loud voice or making overly expressive gestures is generally considered rude, particularly for women. Vietnamese people often bow their heads slightly when speaking to elders or superiors as a sign of respect and will often avoid direct eye contact. It is common for Vietnamese to avoid voicing disagreement directly to prevent conflict or loss of face for either party.

When visiting beaches or swimming pools, it’s important to remember that revealing swimwear, like bikinis, is only appropriate in those specific settings.

Key Takeaway: Understanding these customs and etiquette guidelines will greatly enhance your interactions with Vietnamese people and show your respect for their Vietnamese culture. By being mindful of these nuances, you can foster positive relationships and navigate social situations with grace and sensitivity. Observing and adapting to local customs is not just polite, it’s a pathway to deeper cultural understanding.

Understanding Vietnamese Etiquette: Navigating Social Interactions with Respect

Vietnamese culture places a high value on respect, harmony, and saving face. Understanding the nuances of Vietnamese etiquette is crucial for building positive relationships and avoiding unintentional offense. This section delves into common taboos, rude behaviors, and important customs to be aware of when interacting with Vietnamese people.

New Year’s Considerations and Superstitions

In Vietnam, the first day of the Lunar New Year (Tết Nguyên Đán) is believed to set the tone for the entire year. What you do on this day can influence your luck for the next twelve months. Therefore, certain customs and superstitions are observed:

• Avoiding Visits During Mourning: It’s generally considered inappropriate to visit or phone someone on New Year’s Day unless you’ve been specifically invited. This is especially true if the person is in mourning.
• White Headbands: White headbands are traditionally associated with funerals and should only be worn during times of mourning.
• Superstition: Taking photos of three people at once as it is believed to bring bad luck to those in the middle.
• Superstition: It is forbidden to ask questions about sexual matters such as: “How old are you?”, “Are you married?”, or “Do you have kids?” Why not? If you’re over 30 years old and single, it’s best to say no and lie if asked. Otherwise, people will feel sorry. It is considered bad luck to not have a wife or children.

Gestures and Body Language: Showing Respect Through Nonverbal Cues

Nonverbal communication plays a significant role in Vietnamese interactions. Certain gestures that might be common in other cultures can be considered rude or offensive in Vietnam.

• Respecting Personal Space and Hierarchy:
  • Avoid touching someone’s head, as it’s considered the most sacred part of the body.
  • When handing items to someone, especially an elder or someone of higher status, use both hands as a sign of respect.
  • Refrain from pointing with your index finger, as this is often used to call animals and can be seen as disrespectful when used towards people. Similarly, pointing with your feet is considered extremely rude.
  • Summoning someone with an upright finger or hand is inappropriate; instead, use your whole hand with the palm facing down.
  • Insulting someone’s elders or ancestors is a grave offense that can severely damage social relationships.
• Demeanor and Posture:
  • Avoid placing your hands on your hips or crossing your arms over your chest, as these postures can be interpreted as arrogant or confrontational.
  • Do not pat someone on the back, especially if they are older or of higher status.
  • Winking, especially at someone of the opposite sex, can be considered indecent.

Communication Styles: The Importance of Saving Face

Vietnamese people often prioritize maintaining harmony and avoiding direct confrontation. This is closely tied to the concept of “saving face,” where preserving one’s reputation and avoiding embarrassment are highly valued.

• Indirect Communication: Direct disagreement or criticism is often avoided. Instead, people may use subtle hints or nonverbal cues to express their opinions.
• Punctuality: While punctuality is valued in professional settings, Vietnamese people may arrive a bit late to social events to avoid appearing overly eager.
• Promises: Making promises you can’t keep is frowned upon and can lead to a loss of face. It’s important to be mindful of your commitments.
• The Meaning of a Smile: A smile in Vietnamese culture can convey a wide range of emotions beyond happiness. It can be used to express politeness, embarrassment, apology, or even to mask discomfort. Understanding the context is key to interpreting a smile correctly.
• Avoiding Eye Contact: Direct eye contact, especially with elders or people of higher status, can be seen as a challenge or disrespectful.

Common Vietnamese Gestures

Understanding these common gestures can help you navigate social interactions more effectively:

• Nodding: A greeting, an affirmative answer, or a sign of agreement.
• Shaking the head: A negative reply or a sign of disagreement.
• Bowing: A formal greeting or a way to show deep respect, especially to elders.
• Frowning: Expresses anger, frustration, or worry.
• Forming a circle with the forefinger and thumb (OK sign): In Vietnam, this gesture can signify poor quality or zero, unlike its positive connotation in some Western cultures.
• Avoiding eye contact: Shows respect for elders or those of higher status.
• Crossing the middle finger over the forefinger: Considered an offensive gesture.
• Crossed arms: Can be a sign of respect or attentiveness, but in some contexts, it may be interpreted as closed-off or defensive.
• Hands in pockets or on hips while talking: Generally perceived as arrogant or disrespectful.

Home Customs and Gift Giving

• Entering a Home: Always remove your shoes before entering a Vietnamese home. It’s a sign of cleanliness and respect.
• Socializing: Vietnamese homes often have limited space, and people may prefer to socialize while sitting on the floor rather than on chairs.
• Hospitality: Hosts often offer guests tea, fruit (such as mangosteens), or sweets.
• Gift Giving Etiquette:
  • If invited to a Vietnamese home, it’s customary to bring a small gift like fruit, sweets, or flowers.
  • Wrap gifts in colorful paper, avoiding white (associated with funerals), black, yellow, or chrysanthemums (often used in funerals).
  • Vietnamese people may initially decline a gift out of politeness, but it’s generally expected to offer it again.
  • Gift recipients often show deep gratitude, sometimes extending over a long period.

The Power of Nonverbal Communication: Smiles and Eye Contact

In Vietnamese culture, nonverbal cues like smiles and eye contact carry significant meaning. As mentioned earlier, a smile can convey a multitude of emotions, often substituting for verbal expressions like “thank you,” “I’m sorry,” or even a simple “hello.” It’s a way to show politeness, acknowledge a mistake, or express empathy. For instance, a student might smile at a teacher after being late to class as a way of apologizing without explicitly saying it. Similarly, a person might smile in response to a compliment instead of saying “thank you” to express humility.

Eye contact, on the other hand, is often avoided, especially when interacting with elders or individuals of higher social standing. This is not a sign of dishonesty or disrespect, as it might be interpreted in some Western cultures. Instead, it’s a way of showing deference and respect. Vietnamese students, for example, will typically avoid direct eye contact with their teachers while listening to them as a sign of attentiveness and respect. Vietnamese women, in particular, might cover their mouths when speaking or laughing as a gesture of modesty. By understanding these subtle nuances of nonverbal communication, visitors can better navigate social interactions in Vietnam and show proper respect within the cultural context.

Navigating Vietnamese etiquette requires sensitivity and an awareness of cultural norms. By understanding and respecting these customs, visitors can build stronger relationships and foster positive interactions with Vietnamese people. Remember that observation and a willingness to learn are key to appreciating the richness and depth of Vietnamese culture.

Eating Customs in Vietnam

Vietnamese dining is a communal experience, a stark contrast to the Western style of individual courses. Instead of separate appetizers, main courses, and desserts, Vietnamese meals are typically shared, with all dishes served simultaneously. This communal style reflects the strong emphasis on family and togetherness in Vietnamese culture.

Traditionally, Vietnamese families gather around a circular tray or a low table, either on the floor or on mats, to share a meal. Each person has their own small rice bowl and uses chopsticks to pick up food from the shared dishes placed in the center. Soup is enjoyed with a separate spoon, often held in the left hand while eating.

Dishes like Vietnamese spring rolls are considered finger food and eaten by hand, adding to the informal and convivial atmosphere. Regional variations exist, with some areas of Vietnam, particularly in rural communities, maintaining the tradition of eating primarily with their hands, especially for dishes other than individual rice bowls.

Understanding Vietnamese eating customs is crucial for appreciating the nuances of their culture.

For instance, sticking chopsticks upright in a rice bowl is a major taboo, as it resembles incense sticks used in ancestor worship and is associated with death. Instead, chopsticks should be placed horizontally across the bowl or on a chopstick rest when not in use.

When dining with a Vietnamese family, always wait for the eldest person to begin eating before starting your own meal. This gesture demonstrates respect for elders, a cornerstone of Vietnamese society. Women often sit near the rice pot, serving rice to others, a subtle reflection of their traditional role in the family.

Here are some key etiquette points to remember when dining with Vietnamese:

• Seating: Wait to be seated, as there might be a specific seating arrangement based on seniority or guest status.
• Serving: The oldest person is typically seated first and served first, signifying respect for age and experience.
• Passing Dishes: Use both hands to pass dishes, a gesture of politeness and consideration.
• Chopstick Etiquette: After every mouthful, or when pausing to drink or speak, place your chopsticks horizontally on the table or a chopstick rest. Avoid sticking them upright in your rice bowl.
• Eating Posture: When eating, it’s common for people to hold their bowls close to their faces, especially when eating noodles or soup.
• Soup Spoon: Hold the soup spoon in your left hand while eating soup.
• Toothpick Use: If using a toothpick, discreetly cover your mouth with your other hand.
• Express Gratitude: At the end of the meal, it is customary for guests to offer a brief expression of thanks to the host for the delicious food and hospitality.

Blowing your nose at the dinner table is generally considered impolite, though it’s understood if necessary. If you must, try to do so discreetly. During the meal, young men often dine alongside their mothers, while women and children might eat together, reflecting traditional family dynamics.

These seemingly small customs are integral to the Vietnamese dining experience, highlighting the importance of respect, family bonds, and shared enjoyment of food. They also take food to one another as an act of love and caring.

Drinking Customs in Vietnam

Tea, known as “Trà” in Vietnamese, is the most widely consumed beverage, deeply ingrained in daily life. Vietnamese often brew a large pot of tea in the morning, enough to last throughout the day. It’s common to enjoy tea before, during, or after meals, and it’s a staple offering to guests as a gesture of hospitality. While green tea is the most popular variety, black and fermented teas are also available, particularly in urban areas.

Beyond tea, Vietnam has a burgeoning coffee culture, with “Cà phê” being a beloved beverage. Vietnamese coffee is traditionally made from Robusta beans, known for their strong, bold flavor. A quintessential Vietnamese coffee experience involves the “phin,” a small metal filter that slowly drips the coffee into a cup, often over a layer of sweetened condensed milk. This creates a rich, intensely flavored drink that can be enjoyed hot or iced (“cà phê sữa đá”).

[Image: coffee-in-vietnam.jpg, Vietnamese coffee is traditionally made from Robusta beans, Alt: Vietnamese coffee is traditionally made from Robusta beans, Caption: Vietnamese coffee is traditionally made from Robusta beans]

Vietnam’s affordable coffee prices have contributed to its popularity both domestically and internationally. In major cities, numerous sidewalk cafes offer “cà phê sữa đá” for less than $1, making it an accessible treat. When visiting Hanoi, don’t miss the opportunity to try “egg coffee” (“cà phê trứng”), a unique local specialty where a creamy layer of whipped egg yolk floats atop strong coffee, creating a decadent and unforgettable drink.

Religion and Philosophy of Vietnam

Religion in Vietnam

The religious landscape of Vietnam is characterized by a unique blend of three major belief systems, known as Tam Giao, which literally translates to “three religions.” This harmonious coexistence encompasses Confucianism (also known as Nho giáo in Vietnam), which originated in China and emphasizes moral conduct and social harmony; Buddhism, which arrived from India and focuses on the path to enlightenment; and Taoism (also known as Đạo giáo in Vietnam), another Chinese import that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao, or the natural order of the universe.

The ideology of Tam Giao intertwines these philosophies, creating a rich tapestry of beliefs that profoundly influences Vietnamese culture and worldview.

While many Vietnamese might identify as Buddhist and regularly visit Buddhist pagodas (with some sources estimating as high as 85% engaging in this practice), it’s important to understand that their religious practice often incorporates elements from all three traditions of Tam Giao. This syncretic approach means that ancestor worship, Confucian ethics, and Taoist principles are often interwoven into daily life alongside Buddhist rituals and beliefs.

This creates a unique spiritual landscape where different philosophies complement and reinforce each other, shaping the moral compass and social interactions of the Vietnamese people.

Philosophy of Vietnam

Vietnamese philosophy, deeply rooted in the nation’s agricultural heritage, reflects a unique blend of indigenous beliefs and external influences. Early Vietnamese thought intertwined animistic beliefs with emerging concepts of materialism and dialectics.

Born from a culture that valued the rhythms of nature and the cyclical patterns of farming, Vietnamese philosophy emphasized stillness over constant motion, harmony with the natural world over its domination. This worldview was further shaped by the doctrines of Yin and Yang and the Five Elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water), principles that underscored the interconnectedness of all things and the importance of balance.

The arrival of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism profoundly impacted Vietnamese thought. These philosophies, collectively known as Tam Giao (Three Religions), were not merely adopted but adapted, synthesized, and integrated into the existing Vietnamese worldview. Notably, the Tran Dynasty (1225-1400) saw the rise of Truc Lam Zen Buddhism, a uniquely Vietnamese school founded by Emperor Tran Nhan Tong. This school emphasized direct experience and meditation, aligning with the Vietnamese preference for practicality and inner reflection. Truc Lam Zen masters, including Tran Nhan Tong himself, skillfully interpreted Buddhist concepts like “emptiness” (sunyata) and the cycle of life and death in ways that resonated with the Vietnamese mindset.

Confucianism, with its emphasis on social order, filial piety, and education, became deeply ingrained in Vietnamese society, particularly during the Le Dynasty (1428-1788). However, Vietnamese Confucianism often diverged from its Chinese counterpart. Figures like Nguyen Trai (1380-1442), a renowned scholar, strategist, and poet, exemplified this unique blend. While upholding Confucian virtues, Nguyen Trai also incorporated elements of Buddhism and Taoism into his philosophy, emphasizing the importance of compassion, righteousness, and living in harmony with nature. He famously articulated the concept of “Benevolence and Righteousness” (Nhân Nghĩa) as the foundation of good governance, advocating for a ruler’s duty to serve the people and oppose tyranny. This concept, along with the value placed on loyalty to the nation above the ruler, illustrated how Vietnamese Confucianism prioritized the well-being of the country and its people.

Throughout the feudal period, village life, with its emphasis on communal bonds and self-sufficiency, played a crucial role in shaping Vietnamese thought. While autocratic dynasties imposed feudal ideologies, the spirit of village democracy persisted, fostering a strong sense of community and collective responsibility. This is reflected in the Vietnamese proverb, “Phép vua thua lệ làng” (The king’s law yields to the village’s customs). Farmers, often at the heart of rebellions against foreign invaders and oppressive rulers, were seen not merely as tillers of the land but as guardians of the nation’s spirit. Quang Trung (Nguyen Hue), a revered 18th-century military leader who defeated the Qing Dynasty invaders, emerged from this কৃষক class, further solidifying the farmer’s esteemed position in Vietnamese society.

The Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1945), while promoting Confucianism, adopted policies that prioritized agriculture while restricting trade and contact with the outside world. This inward-looking approach, though intended to preserve stability, hindered the development of a robust urban intellectual class and limited exposure to new ideas.

The arrival of French colonialism in the 19th century marked a turning point. The decline of feudalism and the introduction of Western thought created a fertile ground for new philosophical currents. The exploitation under colonial rule led to the rise of the working class and the introduction of Marxism-Leninism in the early 20th century. Ho Chi Minh, a pivotal figure in Vietnam’s struggle for independence, skillfully synthesized Marxist-Leninist principles with Vietnamese patriotism, creating a powerful ideology that fueled the fight against colonialism and shaped the vision for a socialist Vietnam. He became an internationally recognized symbol of national liberation and a revered figure in Vietnamese culture.

While Vietnam did not produce philosophical systems on the scale of the great European or Chinese traditions, it fostered a distinct way of life and a set of values deeply rooted in its history and environment. The Vietnamese preference for pragmatism, adaptability, and harmony is evident in the way disputes are often resolved through negotiation and compromise rather than confrontation. This approach, often described as “bamboo diplomacy,” reflects the ability to bend without breaking, to adapt to changing circumstances while remaining true to core values.

Vietnamese philosophy today continues to evolve, grappling with the challenges of modernization, globalization, and integration into the international community. While traditional values like respect for elders, family unity, and community spirit remain strong, there is a growing awareness of the need to overcome certain cultural limitations such as excessive conservatism and a tendency toward egalitarianism that can sometimes stifle individual initiative. As Vietnam charts its course in the 21st century, it draws upon its rich philosophical heritage to navigate the complexities of the modern world, seeking a balance between preserving its unique cultural identity and embracing the opportunities of a rapidly changing global landscape.

Traditional Costumes of Vietnam

Vietnamese traditional costumes are a captivating reflection of the country’s rich history and diverse cultural tapestry. While modern clothing has become the norm for everyday wear since the 20th century, traditional garments like the iconic Ao Dai continue to hold a special place in Vietnamese society, symbolizing national pride and cultural identity. They are often worn on special occasions, such as Tet Nguyen Dan (Vietnamese New Year), weddings, and other significant celebrations.

Vietnamese Traditional Dress for Female

The Ao Dai, which translates to “long shirt,” is arguably the most recognizable Vietnamese traditional dress for women. Its elegant silhouette, featuring a long, flowing tunic worn over loose-fitting trousers, has captivated people for centuries.

Historically, the Ao Dai evolved through various forms. One early version was the “ao tu than,” a four-paneled tunic with two front flaps that could be tied together. Another was the “ao ngu than,” a five-paneled tunic with a smaller flap buttoned on the right side. These variations often reflected regional styles and social status.

Vietnamese Traditional Clothes in North Vietnam

In Northern Vietnam, the “ao tu than” was traditionally worn with a long skirt and often accompanied by the “Non Quai Thao,” a large, flat-leaf hat. This ensemble was commonly seen on women working in the fields and is still showcased today in traditional performances like Cheo and Tuong, which are forms of Vietnamese folk opera. Sometimes, a scarf might be worn instead of the Non Quai Thao. The “Non Quai Thao” not only provided protection from the sun but also served as a symbol of rural life and resilience.

Vietnam Traditional Dress in Central Vietnam

In Central and Southern Vietnam, the Ao Dai as we know it today took shape. This version features a more fitted, two-paneled tunic that gracefully drapes over wide-legged trousers, typically made from silk or other flowing fabrics. The trousers can be found in a range of colors, from classic black and white to vibrant hues that complement the tunic. From the waist down, the dress is divided into a front panel and a back panel, allowing for ease of movement.

The Ao Dai’s design is often described as “covering everything but hiding nothing,” as it accentuates the wearer’s figure while maintaining a sense of modesty and elegance. It’s common to see schoolgirls in white Ao Dai uniforms, creating a picturesque scene on the streets. The Ao Dai has become a powerful symbol of Vietnamese femininity and grace.

The cone-shaped hat, known as “Non La” or “Vietnamese conical hat,” is another essential element of traditional Vietnamese attire. More than just protection from the sun and rain, the Non La has become a fashion accessory and a popular Vietnamese souvenir. The “Non Bai Tho,” a specific type of Non La with poetry inscribed on its surface, originated in Hue, the former imperial capital, and is a testament to the hat’s cultural significance. You can easily find Non La throughout Vietnam, but Hue remains a center for their production and a great place to find high-quality versions. The image of a woman in an Ao Dai and Non La has become an iconic representation of Vietnam.

Vietnamese Traditional Women’s Clothing, Mekong Delta

In the Mekong Delta, the “Ao Ba Ba” holds a special place in the hearts of the local people. This collarless shirt, typically paired with black or white trousers, evokes a sense of simplicity, warmth, and natural beauty. The Ao Ba Ba is traditionally made from a single piece of fabric for the back and two pieces for the front, with two straps running down the middle. Its slightly fitted design gently hugs the body, highlighting the wearer’s figure in a subtle and charming way. The Ao Ba Ba is a testament to the enduring connection between the people of the Mekong Delta and their rural heritage. It is still worn by many women in the region, especially in rural areas, and serves as a reminder of the simple yet elegant lifestyle of the Mekong Delta.

Traditional Vietnamese Costumes for Men

While the Ao Dai is primarily associated with women, men also have their own version of this traditional garment. The male Ao Dai shares similarities with the female version, such as the use of silk fabric and a snug collar, buttoned down on the left side of the waist. However, the male Ao Dai typically extends to the knees, whereas the female version reaches the ankles. There is usually no crease in the front of a male Ao Dai.

Historically, men’s attire, especially during the feudal period, reflected their social standing. The color gold was reserved for the King, often adorned with dragon embroidery, a powerful symbol of Vietnamese royalty. High-ranking court mandarins wore blue, while lower-ranking officials wore purple.

Although Western clothing is now prevalent in Vietnam, the Ao Dai remains a cherished garment for men, worn during important ceremonies, weddings, and Tet Nguyen Dan (Vietnamese New Year). It serves as a powerful link to the nation’s past and a symbol of enduring cultural identity. On your trip to Vietnam, you can still encounter Vietnamese men proudly wearing their traditional Ao Dai on these special occasions.

Vietnamese Traditional Costumes for Ethnic Minorities

Vietnam is home to 54 officially recognized ethnic groups, each with its own unique cultural heritage, including distinct styles of traditional dress. These garments often feature vibrant colors, intricate patterns, and handcrafted details that reflect the group’s history, beliefs, and connection to their environment. While styles have evolved over the centuries, each group has preserved unique characteristics in their traditional attire. There are approximately 14 million people belonging to ethnic minority groups in Vietnam as of 2023, making up about 14.7% of the country’s total population.

Traditional Costumes of the Thai Ethnic Group

The Thai ethnic group, primarily residing in the mountainous regions of Northwest Vietnam, is known for their elegant and graceful attire. Thai women traditionally wear fitted blouses paired with long skirts adorned with embroidered brocade motifs. These motifs often depict elements of nature, such as the sun, flowers, and dragons, reflecting the Thai people’s close relationship with their natural surroundings. Accessories like belts, silver jewelry, and the distinctive “Pieu” scarf complete the ensemble, adding further beauty and cultural significance. The Thai are the third largest of the 54 ethnic groups in Vietnam, numbering around 1.8 million people as of 2019.

Traditional Clothing of the Hmong Ethnic Group

The Hmong people, another prominent ethnic group in Northern Vietnam, are renowned for their colorful and intricate traditional clothing. Typically made from linen, Hmong garments are often embellished with vibrant embroidery, batik patterns, and silver ornaments.

A complete Hmong outfit for women usually includes a black shirt, a brightly colored pleated skirt, leggings, and elaborate headgear. Silver coins and beads are often incorporated into the designs, not only for their aesthetic appeal but also to express traditional spiritual beliefs. The Hmong make up about 1.4 million people in Vietnam based on the 2019 census.

Cham Ethnic Group Traditional Dress

The Cham people, who have a long and rich history in Central and Southern Vietnam, possess a unique style of traditional dress. Cham women often wear long, tight-fitting tunics paired with matching skirts. The tunic is considered the most sacred and beautiful garment in their traditional attire. A beautifully decorated headscarf is also an integral part of the ensemble.

The highlight of the Cham costume is the intricate waistband, often adorned with golden details and tied both around the waist and across the chest. This creates a striking visual effect and adds a touch of regality to the outfit. The Cham population in Vietnam is estimated at around 162,000 people.

Many other ethnic groups in Vietnam, such as the Dao, Tay, Nung, and others, also have their own unique traditional costumes. In mountainous regions, skirts or trousers are common, often paired with indigo vests featuring motifs inspired by wildflowers and animals.

The creation of these traditional garments is often a labor of love, with young women in some ethnic groups traditionally making their own skirts and vests, showcasing their skills and creativity.

These garments are not only worn for special occasions but also during daily activities like farming in terraced fields or navigating the mountainous terrain.

Many ethnic traditional textile villages in Vietnam, such as those of the Hmong and Thai, are actively working to preserve and promote their traditional weaving and embroidery techniques. These villages often welcome visitors who are interested in learning about their craft and purchasing authentic handmade textiles. You can find these beautiful textiles at local markets. They also make wonderful Vietnamese souvenirs.

Despite the influence of modernization and globalization, Vietnamese traditional costumes continue to be cherished and celebrated, serving as a tangible link to the country’s rich cultural heritage. They are a source of pride for Vietnamese people and a captivating attraction for visitors from around the world.

Vietnamese Music & Dance

Traditional music from Vietnam was created very early. Since ancient times, Vietnamese have considered music an integral part of their lives.

The residents of Vietnam have created many musical instruments and musical styles over the centuries to express their emotions and gain motivation to do their daily work.

You can also enjoy the entertainment activities such as singing contests, epics, Đờn Ca Tài Tử, traditional music from the South, and traditional opera.

Traditional Vietnamese music is rich in diversity and syncretism, with a mix of native and foreign influences and influences from Vietnam’s ethnic minorities.

Although less influential than China, the former Indochinese kingdom Champa had a significant influence on Vietnam’s traditional music.

Imperial court music

Nhã Nhạc, the most well-known form of imperial court music is specifically the music that was played during the Tran dynasty and the last Nguyen Dynasty in Vietnam.

It was synthesized by Nguyen Emperors, which was the most advanced. Nha Nhac, Vietnamese royal court music is recognized by Unesco as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

The 19th-century imperial court of Vietnam had many royal dances that still exist today. These dances have the common theme of wishing the king longevity and wealth.

Classical music can also be performed in temples in honor of scholars and gods such as Confucius.

These are Nhã Nhạc (“elegant and ritual music”), Đại nhạc (“great music”), and Tiểu nhạc (“smaller music”) which were chamber music intended for the entertainment of kings.

Court dances in Vietnamese traditional dance were either Van Vu (civil servant dancing) or Vo Vu (“military dancing).

Folk music

Vietnamese folk music is very diverse. It includes Quan Họ, Dân Ca, Hát Chầu Văn, Ca Trù, Hò, Hát Xẩm… among others.

Cheo

Cheo is a type of musical theatre that is often humorous and includes dance. It was traditionally performed by northern Vietnamese peasants.

Although it is most commonly performed outside by semi-professional touring groups, the traditional setting is a square in a village or the courtyard of a public building, professional performers are also performing it indoors.

Xam

Xẩm, also known as Hat xẩm (Xam sing) is Vietnamese folk music that was very popular in the Northern regions of Vietnam. However, it is now considered an endangered form of traditional music in Vietnam.

Xam was performed in the dynastic era by blind musicians who walked from one town to another and made their living singing in public places.

Quan họ

Quan họ, or alternative singing, is very popular in Ha Bac (divided into the present Bac Ninh and Bac Giang Provinces), and throughout Vietnam.

There are many variations, especially in the Northern provinces. Quan ho, which is sung a cappella and used in courtship rituals, is improvised.

Hát Chầu Văn

Hát chầu văn, also known as hát văn, is a form of spiritual music that’s used to invoke spirits in ceremonies. It is rhythmic and trance-oriented.

Nhạc dân tộc cải biên

Nhac Dan Toc Cai Bien is a new form of Vietnamese folk music that was created in the 1950s following the establishment of the Hanoi Conservatory of Music.

The process involved the creation of traditional music using Western musical notation. Additionally, Western elements such as harmony and instrumentation were included.

Ca Trù

Ca Trù, also known as Hát ả đào, is a popular folk song that was sung by a woman who charmed her enemy with her voice.

Ca Tru is a variety of forms. It is believed to have originated at the imperial palace and then moved into performances at the communal houses for scholars, other elite members, and this is the most well-known type.

You can call it a geisha-type entertainment in which women who are trained in poetry and music entertain powerful men.

Hò

“Ho” is the southern version of Quan họ. It is improvisational, and it is usually sung in a dialogue between a woman and a man. The common themes are love, courtship, and the countryside. Can Tho, Vietnam is home to “Ho”.

Ritual music

• Nhạc đám ma – funeral music
• Nhạc lễ – court music
• Traditional musical instruments
• Đàn bầu (monochord zither)
• Đàn gáo (two-stringed fiddle with coconut body)
• Đàn nguyệt (two-stringed fretted moon lute)
• Đàn nhị (two-stringed fiddle with hardwood body)
• Đàn sến (two-string fretted lute)
• Đàn tam (fretless lute with snakeskin-covered body and three strings)
• Đàn tam thập lục (hammered dulcimer)
• Đàn tranh (long zither)
• Đàn tỳ bà (pear-shaped four-stringed fretted lute)
• Kèn bầu (oboe)
• T’rưng (bamboo xylophone)
• K’ni (also spelled k’ny or k’ný) – one-string vertical fiddle with a resonating disc that is held in the player’s mouth; played by the Jarai people of the Central Highlands

Typical Dances in Vietnam

Vietnam’s traditional dances vary depending on where you are. You may hear many different styles of music, but only a few types of traditional Vietnamese dances.

This is because the traditional Vietnamese dance plays an important part in Vietnam’s culture. It was possible to count on traditions that were still being maintained. Culture is vital in both history and music and dance.

TRADITIONAL DANCES IN VIETNAM

According to the traditions of each Royal House, the Vietnamese dances changed over time.

They were performed to offer the kingdom and to wish the nation a good fortune. This base is still respected today. Nhã Nhạc is a musical form that combines traditional and Western culture with Western customs. It even has female interpreters.

Dance movements are characterized by their dynamic and wide range of styles. The classic Hmong and Cham ballets can still be seen on holidays.

However, the popular Lion dance is celebrated in either the northern or southern regions of the country.

Vietnamese Arts & Literature

Vietnamese Arts

Vietnamese art is one of the most well-known styles in the world.

The unique styles of Vietnamese art, which range from simple clay pots made during the Stone Age to elaborate, modern installations that decorate the largest cities of Vietnam, have survived centuries of French and Chinese imperialism.

In this article, it will certainly not be possible to describe in detail the traditional art of Vietnam. We will have a separate article to research and discuss.

Historians believe that Vietnamese art dates back to 8,000 B.C. when pottery was made from clay by indigenous groups in Bac Son territory, about 160 km northeastern of Hanoi.

These surviving pieces are simple and plain. The Bronze Age was the first time that decorative “flair” appeared in Vietnamese art.

The Dong Son culture was a vibrant artistic community that flourished until the fourth century.

They produced the Dong Son drums which were bronze drums with intricately decorated decorations. These drums depicted everyday realities such as music, farming, and construction.

This intricate piece of Dong Son culture proves that early Vietnamese were skilled in cloth-weaving. Many preserved bronze drums show people wearing embellished clothing.

Vietnamese art has survived despite its turbulent past and has been able to maintain a uniqueness that has placed local artists on an international stage.

Anyone who visits Vietnam should not miss the artistic talent that is blossoming in this vibrant country.

Vietnamese literature

Vietnamese-speaking people are the majority of those who have created Vietnamese literature. Many written works are in classic Chinese because of the long dominance of Chinese.

Chữ nôm was created in the 10th century and allowed writers to write in Vietnamese using modified Chinese characters. By the middle of the 20th century, almost all works were written in Chữ Quốc Ngữ. The Tale of Kieu and Luc Van Tien are some of the most important works of literature.

Like the rivers that sustain Vietnam’s agricultural civilization over thousands of years, Vietnamese literature is fed by two major tributaries: Chinese literature and oral literature from Vietnam.

The oral poetry tradition is native. The oral poetry tradition is more ancient than the linguistic separation between the Muong and Vietnamese languages 1000 years ago.

It probably originated in the agrarian prayers that were common to the prehistory for the Mon-Khmer language families.

Even today, oral poetry is still being sung in the countryside. It continues to influence contemporary fiction and poetry. Its prosodic patterns and word stock are very similar to other languages.

Its main feature today is the lyrical and first-person, sung poetry “ca dao” (“folk balls”) but the oral tradition also includes third-person narratives such as the “ca trù” (“ceremonial Songs”) tradition in the north and the “vọng cổ” (“echoes from the past”) tradition south.

Literature from Vietnam is both oral and written. However, many critics consider the authors of Vietnamese literature to be part of the nation’s national tradition.

Vietnam was ruled by China for a millennium prior to the 11th century. As a result, much-written work in Vietnam during that time was in Classical Chinese.

The Nom characters were created in the 10th century and allowed writers to write in Vietnamese using modified Chinese characters.

It was initially regarded as inferior to the Chinese but it gained popularity over time. It was popularized by Vietnamese poets and writers in the 18th century when it became an official written script.

The Quoc Ngu script, which was first created in the 17th century, did not gain popularity outside of missionary groups until the early 20th century when the French colonial administration required its use in French Indochina.

Almost all Vietnamese literature was written in Quoc Ngu by the middle of the 20th century.

Martial Arts in Vietnam

The origins of martial arts in Vietnam go back to when locals had to defend their homes against foreign invaders. For self-defense, the Vietnamese learned hand-to-hand combat skills as well as various forms of martial art.

Martial arts spread from Vietnam’s independence in the 16th century to the 18th century, when it was reunified.

The Land of the Blue Dragon was also home to martial arts from other Asian countries, which influenced further the development and implementation of local combat systems.

These differences led to many styles and adaptations in Vietnamese martial arts. Today, the emphasis is on entertainment, discipline, self-defense, and perfection of spirit.

History of Vietnamese Martial Arts

Since the beginning of history, the Vietnamese have been fighting back against foreign invaders. Many fighting methods were developed by common people to defend themselves against invaders.

Vietnamese martial arts can be found in two main forms, those which are practiced by ordinary people and those used by imperial officials.

French colonization in 19th century France was a crucial milestone in the development and practice of Vietnamese martial arts.

Many people were involved in the anti-French movement during this time and practiced traditional martial art. Many masters passed their secrets even after the movement was defeated.

Martial arts fell out of favor when modern weapons were introduced. However, Vietnamese still practice martial arts to encourage and strengthen patriotism and sportsmanship.

As more international martial arts schools have been introduced to Vietnam, Vietnamese martial art has begun to evolve further, incorporating techniques from these schools, while still adhering to the core values.

Characteristics of Vietnamese Martial Arts

Moral values

For Vietnamese people, practicing martial arts is not just about physical strength but also about developing one’s personality and moral values.

In traditional Vietnamese martial arts, the five following traditional Confucianism virtues are the top priorities:

• “Nhan”: compassion
• “Nghia”: justice
• “Le”: good manners
• “Tri”: intelligence
• “Tin”: honesty

Fighting techniques

Vietnamese traditional martial arts emphasize the use of flexible stances that are suitable for Vietnamese figures and physical strength.

One of the fundamental philosophies is to use your disadvantage to work against a stronger enemy; weakness against strength, small number against a large number, and shortness against height.

This resulted in practical stances, flexible attacks, and a strong defense.

Types of Vietnamese Martial Arts

There are many schools of traditional Vietnamese martial arts across the country, each with its unique characteristics.

They can be put into three main groups: Bac Ha Sect, Binh Dinh Sect, and Nam Bo Sect.

Bac Ha Sect (Northern Vietnam) – Vovinam

Master Nguyen Loc founded Vovinam (Viet Vo Dao) in 1938. Vovinam can be practiced with or without weapons and mainly involves countering the opponent’s attacks using their own force.

It was listed as an official SEA Games sport in 2011, 2013, and 2021 (But due to the impact of the covid-19 epidemic, it will be held in June 2022).

Binh Dinh Sect (Central Vietnam) – Tay Son

Tay Son martial art is considered to be the root of most of the other schools under the Binh Dinh sect.

The name comes from the Tay Son brothers, who were masters of martial arts during the Tay Son dynasty (18th century).

It is a combination of Chinese and Champa martial arts as well as techniques from other schools in Binh Dinh. It prioritizes strength, ingenuity, and practicality.

With the recession of the Tay Son dynasty, many techniques were lost through time, though many are still preserved in other forms.

Nam Bo Sect (Southern Vietnam) – Tan Khanh – Ba Tra

Tan Khanh – Ba Tra (Takhado) has its roots in Binh Dinh martial arts and was developed and perfected in Tan Khanh village, Binh Duong province.

While Takhado bears many similarities to its ancestor, it also has many unique techniques.

One of the distinctive features is the combination of rapid movements to confuse the enemies, and the use of traditional farming tools like rakes or local materials like bamboo sticks as weapons.

It is no doubt that Vietnamese martial arts are an important part of Vietnamese heritage. If you are looking to learn about the other side of Vietnam’s diverse culture, definitely give Vietnamese traditional martial arts a try.

Vietnamese cuisine is a vibrant reflection of the country’s rich history, diverse geography, and cultural heritage. If you’ve had the pleasure of dining in Vietnamese restaurants in multicultural hubs like London, Paris, Los Angeles, Houston, Austin, South Philadelphia, or New Orleans, you’ve likely experienced a glimpse of its captivating flavors. But the true depth and breadth of Vietnamese gastronomy are best discovered within the country itself.

Vietnamese cuisine is renowned for its fresh ingredients, delicate balance of flavors, and artful presentation. It is considered among the healthiest in the world, often featuring a harmonious blend of the five fundamental taste elements (Vietnamese: Ngũ vị): spicy (metal), sour (wood), bitter (fire), salty (water), and sweet (earth). Each dish strives to achieve a balance of these elements, often incorporating fresh herbs, vegetables, and a minimal use of oil.

Rice, the cornerstone of Vietnamese agriculture, plays a central role in the cuisine, appearing in countless forms, from steamed rice to rice noodles, rice paper, and even rice wine. Fish sauce (nước mắm) is another defining element, serving as a ubiquitous dipping sauce and seasoning. In fact, a 2016 report by the market research firm Euromonitor International found that fish sauce was used in over 70% of Vietnamese households, highlighting its importance in the national cuisine.

Vietnam’s tropical climate, long coastline, and mountainous terrain contribute to a remarkable diversity of ingredients. The country boasts a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and herbs, many of which find their way into the diverse regional dishes.

A visit to a Vietnamese restaurant, whether in Vietnam or abroad, often begins with a plate of fresh herbs, such as mint, cilantro, basil, and perilla. These herbs are not mere garnishes but integral components of the meal, adding layers of flavor and aroma.

Regional Variations: A Culinary Tapestry

Vietnam’s culinary landscape is as varied as its geography, with three distinct regions – North, Central, and South – each boasting its unique culinary identity:

• Northern Vietnam (Hanoi, Ha Long Bay, Sapa): Northern Vietnamese cuisine is known for its subtlety and elegance. It often features clear broths, delicate flavors, and a focus on freshwater fish.
  • Signature Dishes:
    • Phở: Aromatic beef or chicken noodle soup, often considered Vietnam’s national dish. A 2020 survey by the Vietnam National Administration of Tourism revealed that Phở was the most recognized Vietnamese dish among international tourists, with 45% of respondents naming it.
    • Bún chả: Grilled pork and noodles served with fresh herbs and dipping sauce.
    • Chả cá Lã Vọng: Turmeric-marinated fish with dill and noodles.
• Central Vietnam (Hue, Hoi An, Da Nang): Central Vietnamese cuisine is characterized by its bold flavors, vibrant colors, and use of spices. Hue, the former imperial capital, is particularly renowned for its refined “royal cuisine.”
  • Signature Dishes:
    • Bún bò Huế: Spicy beef noodle soup with lemongrass and chili.
    • Cao lầu: Hoi An’s signature noodle dish with pork, shrimp, and local greens.
    • Mì Quảng: Turmeric-infused noodles with a variety of toppings.
• Southern Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh City, Mekong Delta): Southern Vietnamese cuisine is generally sweeter and more liberal in its use of herbs, spices, and coconut milk. The Mekong Delta’s abundance of fresh produce and seafood heavily influences the region’s cooking.
  • Signature Dishes:
    • Bánh xèo: Crispy crepe filled with pork, shrimp, and bean sprouts.
    • Hủ tiếu: Pork and seafood noodle soup, often with a clear or slightly sweet broth.
    • Cơm tấm: Broken rice served with grilled pork chops and other accompaniments.

Beyond the Main Dishes:

Vietnamese cuisine extends far beyond these regional specialties. The country has a rich tradition of street food, with vendors offering a tantalizing array of snacks and dishes, such as Bánh mì (Vietnamese baguette sandwiches), Gỏi cuốn (fresh spring rolls), and Bún đậu mắm tôm (vermicelli noodles with fried tofu and fermented shrimp paste).

The Influence of 54 Ethnic Minorities

Adding to the culinary diversity are the contributions of Vietnam’s 54 ethnic minorities. Each group has its own unique culinary traditions, often influenced by their specific environments and available ingredients. For example, the H’Mong people in the northern highlands are known for their Thắng cố, a hearty soup made with horse meat and offal. In Sapa, a hill tribe in the North, is well-known for its rainbow-colored glutinous rice. Ethnic people have transformed the humble rice dish into something special, using local flora such as baby jack fruit, turmeric, yellow curry, green pineapple leaf, and purple glutinous rice leaves. While the Tay ethnic group, found in various northern provinces, is renowned for dishes like Banh Khao, a steamed rice cake made during the Lunar New Year. Other Vietnamese ethnic minorities’ specialties include Banh cuon trung Lang Son (thin, wide, steamed fermented rice batter stuffed with poached eggs), whole duck (vịt quay Lạng Sơn), and baby pig toasted (lợn sữa quay) with móc mật leaves… These are just a few examples of the many culinary treasures found among Vietnam’s ethnic minority communities.

The Cultural Significance of Food

Food in Vietnam is more than just sustenance; it’s a social activity, a way to connect with family and friends, and a means of expressing cultural identity. Meals are often shared, with dishes placed in the center of the table for everyone to enjoy. The concept of “âm dương” (yin and yang) also plays a role in Vietnamese cuisine, with cooks striving to create a balance of flavors and textures in each dish. For instance, seafood, considered “cold,” is often paired with warming spices like chili, ginger, or lemongrass.

Even famous chefs like the late Anthony Bourdain and Jamie Oliver have been captivated by the allure of Vietnamese cuisine. Bourdain famously featured Vietnam in several episodes of his travel and food shows, showcasing the country’s diverse culinary offerings and expressing his deep appreciation for its flavors.

A Feast for the Senses

Vietnamese food is generally made up of three elements: flavor, color, and decoration. Vietnam rarely has food with one color dimension. Vietnam is a country that has many colors. There are vivid main dishes and milder rice dishes. Vegetarian dishes also come in a variety of colors. Gourmets can always see the sophistication and balance in Vietnamese cooking.

Vietnamese cuisine is a feast for the senses, a delightful exploration of flavors, textures, and aromas. Whether you’re savoring a bowl of Phở in a bustling Hanoi street stall, indulging in the refined cuisine of Hue, or exploring the vibrant street food scene of Ho Chi Minh City, a culinary adventure awaits you in Vietnam. It’s a journey that will not only tantalize your taste buds but also offer a deeper understanding of the country’s rich culture and traditions. To truly appreciate the magic of Vietnamese cuisine, one must experience it firsthand – not just through words, but through the act of tasting, savoring, and sharing.

Ethnic groups in Vietnam

List of Vietnamese ethnic groups

• 01. Ba Na ethnic group
• 02. Bo Y ethnic group
• 03. Brau ethnic group
• 04. Bru Van Kieu ethnic group
• 05. Cham ethnic group
• 06. Cho Ro ethnic group
• 07. Chu Ru ethnic group
• 08. Chut ethnic group
• 09. Co ethnic group
• 10. Cong ethnic group
• 11. Co Ho ethnic group
• 12. Co Lao ethnic group
• 13. Co Tu ethnic group
• 14. Dao ethnic group
• 15. E De ethnic group
• 16. Giay ethnic group
• 17. Gia Rai ethnic group
• 18. Gie Trieng ethnic group
• 19. Ha Nhi ethnic group
• 20. Hoa ethnic group
• 21. Hre ethnic group
• 22. Khang ethnic group
• 23. Khmer ethnic group
• 24. Kho Mu ethnic group
• 25. Kinh (Viet) ethnic group
• 26. La Chi ethnic group
• 27. La Ha ethnic group
• 28. La Hu ethnic group
• 29. Lao ethnic group
• 30. Lo Lo ethnic group
• 31. Lu ethnic group
• 32. Ma ethnic group
• 33. Mang ethnic group
• 34. Mong (H’Mong) ethnic group
• 35. M’nong ethnic group
• 36. Muong ethnic group
• 37. Ngai ethnic group
• 38. Nung ethnic group
• 39. O Du ethnic group
• 40. Pa Then ethnic group
• 41. Phu La ethnic group
• 42. Pu Peo ethnic group
• 43. Ra Glai ethnic group
• 44. Ro Mam ethnic group
• 45. San Chay ethnic group
• 46. San Diu ethnic group
• 47. Si La ethnic group
• 48. Tay ethnic group
• 49. Ta Oi ethnic group
• 50. Thai ethnic group
• 51. Tho ethnic group
• 52. Xinh Mun ethnic group
• 53. Xo Dang ethnic group
• 54. Xtieng ethnic group

Vietnam is a multi-nationality country that has 54 ethnicities. 87% of Vietnam’s population is made up of the Viet (Kinh), who mainly live in the Red River Delta, central coastal delta, Mekong delta, and major cities.

Other 53 ethnic minorities, which number more than 8 million, are spread over mountain areas, covering two-thirds of the country’s land. They also cover the South and North.

The largest ethnic minorities are Tay, Thai, and Muong with around 1,000,000 each. Brau, Roman, and Odu have several hundred each.

Vietnam – Fatherland for many ethnic groups. Ethnic groups and children of Lac Long Quan-Au Co.

According to legend, 50 children followed father Lac Long Quan to the mountains, 50 children followed Au Co’s mother to the sea

Together, they expanded the mountains and rivers “Three Mountains, Four Seas, The Best for the Land”, with its mighty mountains and forests and vast plains.

Ethnic groups that have lived for a long time in the country have a history of patriotism, coordination in conquering nature, and social struggle, throughout the country’s history of the foundation, building, and development.

Natural conquers history is considered epic. It represents the creation of life and vitality that overcomes all obstacles.

Different natural geographical conditions (geomorphology and land, climate) have led to different treatment methods for nature.

Ethnic groups in the midland and plain grow water to rice. They build villages and hamlets, with the central house, well, and banian tree.

The surrounding green thorny vital bamboos trees are the lungs of the community. Plain, village, and farming are all inspirations.

They provide the “powder” for loose-fitting blouses, pink blouses with conical caps, the melody of velvety South folk-song, and high-pitch South Folk-song in Mekong Delta.

Ethnic groups live in mountainous regions and grow water rice. They also have on-land production to cultivate rice fields. Maize is their main crop. In the beginning, they plant long-term industrial trees (anise and cinnamon trees) in order to replace natural forests.

They live in houses built on stilts and wear indigo-colored trousers, dresses, and shirts featuring various forest flowers, animals, or other designs. Many ethnic minorities have a habit of drinking wine from jars through pipes.

This is a sign of the rich community sentiment. People are impressed by the heady aroma of alcohol and human love.

Tay Nguyen – Central Highlands, Tay Bac, has a variety of forest clearing methods. This is a pre-industry behavior. The Highlands have tropical weather, so cultivation is mostly done in the summer and fall.

Mountainous people have long developed overlapping crops to maximize the benefits of the land’s weather and protect the land from erosion from summer rains.

The costumes are the result of skilled hands and the artistic spirits of girls. They include dresses, clothes in harmonious colors, a variety of styles, and clothing that is soft and easy to wear, suitable for use on terraces, and for traveling along hilly and pass roads.

There are many methods of cultivation that can be used to sustain forests. It is where magic and music are developed and a new land emerges.

Nearly everyone in the Central Highlands has a tradition of putting buffalos into Heaven to offer sacrifices and pray for Heaven’s support for human health, animals, and the growth of their crops.

It is also home to many mythological stories and epics, whose potential value can be compared to those of India and China but has yet been discovered and studied. T’rung and Krongput are two examples of ethnic groups that own stone musical instruments.

Combining traditional gongs with group dances is a popular way to entertain the public. Ethnic groups live off fishing along the coasts from the North to the South.

Every morning, fishing boats leave the shore and return to shore in the afternoon. Here, life is just as busy as it is for farmers in the fields.

People are everywhere in harmony with nature. Nature also fulfills them.

The Indochina Land is where you can find a gateway to the Southeast Asia mainland and Southeast Asia islands. Vietnam is a mix of many cultures.

There are three major linguistics families in Southeast Asia: the linguistics familial of Southern islands and Chinese-Tibeto.

There are eight different groups that comprise the language of Vietnamese ethnic groups.

• Viet-Muong Group: Chut, Kinh, Muong, Tho.
• Tay-Thai Group: Bo Y, Giay, Lao, Lu, Nung, San Chay, Tay, Thai.
• Mon-Khmer Group: Ba Na, Brau, Bru-Van Kieu, Cho-ro, Co, Co-ho, Co-Tu, Gie-Trieng, Hre, Khang, Khmer, Kho Mu, Ma, Mang, M’Nong, O-du, Ro-mam, Ta-oi, Xinh-mun, Xo-dang, Xtieng.
• Mong-Dao Group : Dao, Mong and Pa Then
• Kadai Group: Co Lao, La Chi, La ha, Pu Peo.
• Austro-Polynenisian Group – Cham, Chu-ru E de Gia-rai Ra-glai
• Chinese Group: Hoa, Ngai, San Diu.
• Tibeto Group: Cong. Ha Nhi. La Hu. Lo Lo. Phu La. Si La.

Each ethnic group’s voice creates different languages. However, because Vietnamese ethnic groups live close together, one group may be able to speak the languages of others.

The diverse culture of ethnic groups is referred to as the general unification rule, which refers to the rule of advanced country growth. It is like a common particularity in the common category of philosophy.

In the 10th century, the Viet people established a central monarchy. Early in history, the Cham people boasted a vibrant culture.

With the presence of different social strata, the Tay, Nung, and Khmer ethnic groups had achieved high levels of development.

The Muong, Mong, and Dao ethnic groups were governed by local tribal leaders. Many ethnic groups, particularly those living in mountainous regions, divided their populations into social echelons.

Many ethnic minorities were able to learn some farming techniques. They raised rice in swamped paddy fields, and they also irrigated.

Others were semi-nomadic and went fishing, hunting, collecting, and even did some farming.

Each group has a unique culture that is distinctive and distinct. The beliefs and religions of Vietnam’s ethnic minorities were also different.

A century-long partnership on Vietnamese soil has resulted in solid solidarity between ethnic groups.

In the first century of Vietnam’s history, there was a mutual complement in economic relations between mountainous and lowland people.

During wars of resistance to defend the country, this solidarity was unceasingly strengthened.

A common community was formed between Viet and other ethnic minorities through the collective struggle to defend and build the country, and mutual assistance in co-existence and development.

However, there is still a clear gap in material and moral life between those who live in the deltas and those who live in mountain areas.

This has also been true for ethnic minorities. Vietnam’s government has developed specific policies and special treatment to assist mountainous people in catching up to lowland people.

It also made great efforts to preserve and develop each ethnic group’s traditional cultural identity.

Presently, satisfactory results have been achieved with the programs of providing iodized sea salt to remote villages, establishing health facilities for rural children, fighting malaria, and setting up permanent residences.

Projects such as creating writing scripts for minorities and studying and developing traditional cultures of each ethnic group have also been realized.

Festivals of Vietnam

Vietnam has a distinct culture that has evolved over the millennia. It has many special festivals that display Vietnamese beliefs and traditions.

It is worth visiting some festivals in Vietnam, not only to admire the stunning natural landscapes but also to gain a deeper understanding of this peaceful country.

Vietnam is divided into three regions: the North (Central), and the South (South). Their festivals clearly display the distinctive characteristics of each region.

Vietnam’s spiritual culture has long been known for its traditional festivals. These festivals were created and maintained over many generations. It has been a part of our lives for many centuries.

Festival is an occasion that celebrates the Vietnamese traditional treasure, “When drinking water thinks of its source.” It is the place where you can honor the “gods”, or the historical figures who made a difference in the history of the country.

Vietnamese love holidays and festivals. Vietnam has a lot of major and small festivals. Festive season increases cultural value.

Traditions have seen a variety of events and festivals, from the simple to the more complicated and meaningful.

While some festivals and events are held to pay respect to national builders and heroes, others are designed to entertain the community and to commemorate wonderful events.

Each festival generally includes three steps: preparation, celebration, and ending.

Preparation is the most important. The first step is preparation. Before the festival arrives, they inspect worshipping objects, costumes, decoration, cleaning of worshipping places, and statues.

Some festivals can last for several days. Many activities are held, including a procession or incense-offering, and rejoicing.

The festival attracts people from all walks of society who wish to be part of its atmosphere.

The festival ends with the organization saying thanks to everyone and closing the worshipping space.

Vietnam has many festivals that are worth attending all year. To get to know the local culture, it is a good idea to join Vietnam’s festivals during your visit.

Holidays and other important days

Vietnam celebrates many holidays. These include traditional holidays that have been celebrated in Vietnam for thousands of years. Modern holidays are mainly imported from Western countries.

Public holidays

Vietnam’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs – regulates public holidays and has recently amended the labor code of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Vietnam recognizes 17 public holidays, 10 regional or local observances and workers have nine paid holidays each year.

Vietnamese labor laws state that if a public holiday falls on Saturday or Sunday, it is considered a paid holiday.

There are many local and regional holidays that aren’t officially recognized as paid holidays, including the anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party, the birthday of President Ho Chi Minh, and Christmas Day.

New Year’s Day is a significant public holiday. There are also several Tet holidays to honor religious freedoms and political independence.

Many Tet holidays fall on weekends, and the majority of them are observed in February.

Other holidays

• March 8 International Women’s Day – Quốc tế Phụ nữ
• November 20 Teacher’s Day – Ngày Nhà giáo Việt Nam
• December 25 Christmas – Giáng sinh/Nôen
• October 20 Vietnam Women’s Day – Ngày Phụ nữ Việt Nam
• June 1 Children’s day – Tết thiếu nhi
• 15/1 (lunar) Full moon of the 1st month Rằm tháng giêng
• 3/3 (lunar) Third lunar month’s third day’s festival Tết Hàn thực
• 10/3 (lunar) Hung Vuong Kings Commemoration Day Ngày Giổ Tổ Hùng Vương
• 15/4 (lunar) Buddha’s Birthday Lễ Phật Đản
• 5/5 (lunar) Midyear Festival Tết Đoan ngọ
• 15/7 (lunar) Full moon of the 7th month or Piety Day Rằm tháng bảy hoặc Lễ Vu Lan
• 15/8 (lunar) Mid-Autumn Festival Tết Trung Thu
• 23/12 (lunar) Kitchen guardians – Ông Táo chầu trời

Things You Should Know About Vietnamese Culture

Vietnam’s traditions date back thousands of years and are infused with respect for land, sea, people, and the environment. These are the essential facts to learn if you want to appreciate the beauty of this culture.

It takes time to build trust

This is a problem for business people who come to Vietnam with their ideas on how things should work. It’s not easy to build a business culture in Vietnam. It is built on trust and reputation.

Legal documents are fine but you will still be suspicious of your new partners until they get to know you. It takes years to build trust here, and only seconds to destroy it – so be careful.

No one wants to be seen as a loser.

Vietnamese people care deeply about how their friends, families, and coworkers perceive them. Do not do anything that could embarrass, or degrade a person’s reputation.

This could be arguing, ridiculing or confronting others, or bartering too aggressively. You won’t see any violent outbursts here.

Because aggression can cause both sides to lose their face, everyone is non-confrontational. A stern glance suffices for most minor infractions.

Academics are highly respected

It can be depressing to hear about the lives of students in Vietnam. However, this is the norm.

Young people must be in the top 10% of their classes to get into the job market. This booming economy offers amazing opportunities, but only those who are willing to work hard.

This means that students who graduate from higher education will need to attend long school hours with tutors and additional classes at night, especially English.

Respect elders

Vietnam will ask you your age, along with your name and nationality. The Confucian belief system is the foundation of their society. Wisdom and experience are highly valued.

This means that the older you get, the more respect and authority you will command. When you are with older people, it is important not to swear or bring up inappropriate topics such as death and sex.

The eldest person is served first at dinners.

Vietnam war history is sacred

This is something that some people have had to learn the hard way. Don’t make fun of Vietnam war heroes, or joke about the war.

The Vietnamese have a strong sense of humor but don’t laugh about the war years.

These were hard times for all of the country’s citizens. You must be cautious when discussing the colonial past of a foreigner.

Transactions can always be negotiated

Shopping in Vietnam can be a complex battle of strategy and subtleties. For foreigners, you should expect to pay an additional fee. Your best weapon in this situation is your feet.

Talk to the shopkeeper until they stop moving and then threaten them with walking away. A smaller profit margin is better than getting nothing for most shops.

Ghosts exist!

Many Vietnamese customs and traditions are rooted in their ancestral beliefs. Vietnam’s greatest fear is that the dead will not find peace in the afterlife. They’ll wander the streets as tortured spirits.

Many Vietnamese have a ghost story. It could be anything from a butterfly landing upon them at a funeral, to strange voices at night. Do not make light of ghosts and the dead, no matter what your views on the supernatural.

Vietnamese people are steadfastly optimistic

Vietnam is full of opportunities. With the belief that hard work today will pay off, people are working hard to improve their lives and those of their families. There won’t be many people complaining about their hardships.

So don’t worry too much about your own problems. You won’t find much sympathy if you are a foreigner with the means to travel internationally.

There is no tipping culture

In Vietnam, tipping is not expected. You can tip if the service was exceptional. But, be discreet. It’s best to keep it hidden under a plate or behind your bill.

If you tip too much, it can make someone feel lost or beggarly. Some people won’t tip you because they believe you made a mistake counting your money.

Food is an important part of Vietnamese culture

Vietnam’s rivers and mountains are deeply ingrained into the culture.

It is considered rude to leave food unattended, especially if you are staying in someone’s home where they have cooked it for you.

It is an insult to the land, and the workers who made it possible. Don’t eat more than you can handle and don’t forget to compliment others.

Vietnamese people don’t like outsiders criticizing their country

Vietnamese people are very open about discussing their social problems, including traffic, pollution, and academic cheating.

They are less patient when someone is criticizing them. This can come across as arrogant. It’s as if you are claiming that your country is superior to theirs. It’s annoying when it’s done that way.

You can make fun of the traffic jams, but you should also recognize that there are so many things to love about this country.

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